Author: Newculturalfrontiers

What Is Democratisation?

Democratisation is the process by which a country makes the transition to a democracy. This process is often seen as a long and difficult one, and there is much debate as to whether democracy is really worth the effort that it demands. There is also much disagreement about the conditions that are necessary for a society to become democratic. Many academics believe that a democratic political culture is necessary for the success of a democracy, and this is usually defined as a collection of attitudes and values including tolerance for diversity, the belief that other citizens are basically trustworthy, the willingness to compromise, and a respect for freedom and equality. This civic culture is also thought to require a commitment to public welfare. Other scholars argue that a democracy is only possible if the majority of citizens accept democratic ideas, principles and practices as part of their cultural identity. These must be able to co-exist with traditional cultural referents and beliefs about the good life. This is a particularly challenging task where religious or tribal traditions are in play. For example, when the pro-western Shah of Iran embarked on processes of civil-society expansion in the 1970s as part of a democratisation strategy, he ran into serious opposition from the Iranian middle classes who had no desire to abandon their traditional culture and religion. In addition to the underlying cultural factors, many academics believe that a democracy requires some level of economic development and high levels of literacy and education. This is because a well-educated population is better able to understand the issues involved in a democracy and to participate actively in government. It is also more likely to support a democracy that provides a fair distribution of wealth and opportunities for all. In this context, the Arab Spring of 2011 demonstrated a new willingness of young people to take to the streets and demonstrate their discontent with what they saw as an unjust and corrupt regime. Finally, it is important that a democracy be participatory, and this is why some academics emphasise the importance of a wide range of ways for citizens to engage with politics and their government. Obviously, the most obvious way is to vote, but there are other ways, such as by writing to a newspaper or attending a demonstration. In addition, a democracy needs citizens to contribute – either through taxes or in the form of volunteering for community organisations. Although there have been a few examples of foreign-induced democratisation, most analysts agree that sustainable pro-democratic civil-society changes must precede a successful transition to procedural or working democracy. This is why the experience of Afghanistan and Iraq demonstrates that democratisation instigated from outside stands little chance of succeeding.

The Definition of Culture

Culture is the totality of a people’s learned behavior, beliefs and attitudes that distinguish them from other people. It includes art, customs, language, laws, morals and rules, beliefs, and values that are shared by a particular group of people. It is defined as the system of human behavior that is distinguished from subhuman animal behavior by the fact that it is learned rather than innate, that it is socially transmitted, and that it has its origin in man’s sense of history, which distinguishes culture from barbarism. The term “culture” is sometimes used interchangeably with the terms civilization and civility, although these concepts differ. Civilization is a neologism of the eighteenth century, coined by Voltaire to contrast with barbarism and designate the highest level of human cultural achievement. The concept of culture is so pervasive that it has become the focus of a wide range of academic disciplines, from sociology and anthropology to psychology and law. It has also become the subject of heated debate, with a number of people arguing that it is an unchanging, immutable, universal phenomenon and others claiming that cultures vary greatly and change over time. A central issue in the debate is whether or not culture can be defined empirically, as a set of behavioral characteristics that can be identified and measured. Some scholars have attempted to do so, with varying degrees of success. The key challenge is to avoid essentialist accounts of culture, in which certain key traits are viewed as defining culture and must be present for a people to be considered a member of that culture. This issue has led to a proliferation of definitions, each with its own sets of assumptions and biases. Some of these are more logically consistent than others, and some are more useful in specific contexts than others. Nevertheless, it is important to keep in mind that there are no definitive, objectively valid definitions of culture and that any such definition must be treated as provisional. The following definition of culture is taken from the book, People are Culture: A Conversation About the Meaning and Value of Culture, published by the World Crafts Council in 2006. It is a dialogic debate between the authors, 16 people from around the world who have spent their careers working in the realm of culture. These individuals represent the fields of anthropology; visual arts; education; history; crafts; literature; horticulture; social entrepreneurship; and museum management. In this dialogue, each author offers a unique perspective on the concept of culture based on their own experiences and the knowledge that they have gained throughout their careers. It is from these diversified backgrounds that we hope to gain a rich understanding of this ever-changing concept of culture. We have invited each of them to share their thoughts with us and we are pleased to present them here. They are all experts in their own right and we thank them for contributing to this discussion! Please click on the name of each individual to read their full comments.

The Values That Underpin Democracy

Democracy is a political system in which the members of a society make decisions for that society, including the laws and policies that govern it. It also involves them in choosing and electing representatives to make those decisions for them. There are different ways in which societies may be democratic, so it is important for citizens to know the values underpinning their country’s version of democracy. The most common way that people participate in a democracy is by voting, but there are many other ways they can engage in politics and government. The more people that participate in these other ways, the better a democracy will work. It is vital that young people get involved in their local communities early, so they can become familiar with the specific issues facing them and how they can address them. This can begin by joining environmental groups or other protest organisations fighting against war, corporate exploitation, or child labour. Educators can help their students develop an understanding of democracy by asking them to identify the values that they think are most important in the way they live their lives, interact with each other, and govern themselves. This will give them a “custom-made” set of aspirations and values that they can compare to the form of governance that their country currently has in place and judge whether it is a democracy or not. A second important value that underpins democracy is equality. This is the idea that all members of a society are equal, regardless of wealth or social status. In order for this to be true, it must mean that everyone is treated equally by the state and its institutions, and that laws are fair and clearly written. It also means that everyone has the right to free speech and association, and that opposing views are tolerated and respected. Another key underpinning of democracy is the idea that it is better for society if decisions are made by those who are most affected by those decisions. This is often referred to as the “cognitive diversity” justification for democracy, and it was first put forward by Aristotle (Politics, Book II, Chapter 11). It is based on the fact that decision-makers in a democracy are more likely than those in other forms of government to be aware of all of the relevant facts about the interests of a large group of citizens. Finally, a third justification for democracy is that it is morally desirable. In particular, it is believed that a democracy will advance the rights and interests of those who are not well represented in other political systems. For example, John Stuart Mill argues that, because democracy gives each subject some share of the power to determine the laws of the association in which they are a member, this will ensure that the interests of less powerful subjects are taken into account more effectively than they would be in an aristocracy or monarchy (Mill 1861: ch. 3).

Expanding Into the Global Market

The global market is a world-wide network of buyers and sellers, considered to be independent of national boundaries. The term may also be used to refer to the worldwide marketplace for a specific commodity product or currency, as in “the global market for oil”. In its broadest sense, the global market encompasses all buyers and sellers in the world economy, regardless of where they reside. Those who operate in the global marketplace benefit from a range of advantages, including access to new target customers and increased profits. As technology advances and the economy of the world becomes more integrated, businesses that seek growth are seeking to tap into markets outside their home country. A well-defined international strategy can allow a business to achieve its objectives even when domestic demand saturates or decreases. When considering expansion into a foreign market, companies must be flexible enough to meet the needs of different cultural groups. For example, McDonald’s had to change its menu when it entered the Indian market, replacing beef cutlets with vegetarian versions of the burger to respect local values. This flexibility allows a company to penetrate a foreign market quickly and efficiently, minimizing costs and increasing its chances of success. Companies that enter the global market often discover their products have universal appeal. This is especially true for products or services that have a fundamental need and consumption, such as food. However, the global marketplace is not without its pitfalls. Companies that do not develop clear, consistent international strategies are at risk of losing ground to competitors that do. The size of the global market makes it a very attractive opportunity for those who want to grow their companies. Its massive size can make it easier for businesses to gain a competitive advantage over local rivals, increase their profitability and reduce the amount of resources needed to develop and maintain their products. Whether it is through a merger or acquisition, a global expansion can greatly accelerate a business’s growth and increase its profit margins. While it is important for a business to develop a competitive advantage in the global marketplace, the benefits of entering a foreign market go beyond increased revenue and increased profit margins. In addition, the ability to expand into a new market can help a business thrive during economic uncertainty, diversify its workforce and harness innovative solutions that it otherwise might not have been able to afford to develop. This is particularly true for those who can exploit the economies of scale that a global marketplace offers. By lowering the cost of production and reducing shipping expenses, it is possible for companies to offer lower prices and higher quality products. The world market also gives companies the opportunity to get feedback worldwide from consumers, which can speed up the process of improving their products. This can be a significant advantage over local markets, where feedback is often slow to reach the company.

Why Should You Get Into Politics?

Politics is the activity of people pursuing power and influence over other people. It involves a constant struggle to win support from others for ideas and actions that you believe in. Politics can be as simple as two friends disagreeing over what to eat for lunch, or as complex as the interaction between nations and continents over climate change, global poverty, and human rights. It is important to understand politics because it determines the way we live and what kind of world we will inherit from our ancestors. Governments play a central role in the political arena, and politicians are elected (at least in democracies) to govern their nation and its people. They decide what public services to provide, the laws they should enforce and the security arrangements they should ensure. They also negotiate with other governments over international issues, ranging from trade to war. Politics can be a fascinating subject to study, and there are many career opportunities available for those interested in it. However, many students will not be introduced to the subject until mid-secondary school, and even then it can be a challenging and time consuming subject to master. In addition, the nature of politics means that you will often find yourself arguing with other people about their opinions, which can be difficult and frustrating. As a result, some people choose not to get involved in politics, and many more regret it once they do. There are some obvious benefits to being political, such as the fame and celebrity status that can come with it, as well as wealth from donations and campaign contributions. More importantly, it is a chance to make a difference in the lives of your fellow citizens, and to influence the course of history. Another reason to get involved in politics is the feeling of fulfilment that comes with performing a civic duty, as well as the expressive or solidary rewards of joining up with like-minded people in support of a particular candidate or cause. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that a high level of political participation can have a positive effect on social capital and community cohesion. A third reason to get involved in politics is the sense of achievement that comes with winning a vote or election, particularly when your views are represented in law and policy. It can be a very satisfying experience, and the sense of accomplishment that comes with a victory is especially strong when you know how much you have worked for it. Of course, there are many more reasons to become politically active. You may just want to be informed about what is going on in the world, or you may feel a sense of obligation to participate because of your citizenship. Whatever the case, it is important to be aware of the forces that drive politics, so you can make the best decisions for yourself and your family. The world is a dangerous place, and politics is the tool we use to manage it.

The Process of Democracy

Democratisation is an idea that has become increasingly embraced across the world as states seek to lay claim to legitimacy as democratic societies. The number of countries that qualify as democracies today has multiplied five times since the end of World War II, and it now includes almost all states. However, meaningful explanations of the processes that bring about democratisation are not easy to come by. One problem is that there is no consensus as to what democracy actually means – whether it is a specific political system, a process of voting, or a set of social and cultural values. A second problem is that the process of democratisation is rarely linear or free from hazards. It is often a painful and slow process that has been marked by numerous crises. Moreover, the experience of ‘old’ democracies suggests that sustainable pro-democratic changes can only be initiated and implemented when there are sufficient economic, social and cultural conditions in place. Some scholars stress the importance of creating favourable structural conditions for democratisation, and argue that the emergence of a well-educated middle class that is capable of asserting its interests in governance issues is essential. This middle class will be more likely to support democracy if it is able to enjoy economic prosperity, which in turn is dependent on the development of the requisite institutions. However, this approach is overly simplistic and fails to account for the fact that in some cases, even when economic conditions are ripe for democratization, such as during Germany in the 1930s or Chile in the 1970s, the middle classes supported authoritarian regimes. Other scholars, such as Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, have argued that such structural causes are not the whole story and that there are also elite choices that determine if a society is prone to democratization or not. They suggest that the success of a country in overcoming long-standing intractable conflict (such as South Africa after its apartheid regime) is largely due to the willingness of elites in that society to embrace democracy. Finally, some have argued that democratisation can be imposed from outside if conditions are favourable, such as with Japan and Germany in the immediate post-World War II period. Others have cautioned that this view is oversimplified and does not take into account the fact that outside imposition depends on a great deal of local goodwill. The debate between the ‘favourable conditions’ and the ‘elite-choice’ approaches to explaining democratisation is unlikely to be resolved anytime soon. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses, and it is difficult to produce a model that fully accounts for all the various factors that matter. Nevertheless, it is important that citizens of the developed world continue to promote policies that support democratisation and encourage democratic movements in other parts of the world. This requires building grass-roots support for what former British Foreign Minister Robin Cook called an ‘ethical foreign policy’. It also involves getting involved in civil-society organisations that are working to build democracy at home.

What Is Culture?

The cultural aspect of a person or group refers to the values, beliefs, arts, language, and other things that a particular society or community uses to define itself. Culture is distinct from the social structure or economic aspects of a society, although it is continuously informed by them and in turn influences them. It has a broad range of definitions from “behavior peculiar to Homo sapiens” to the collective programming of the mind of a category of people, and it also has a tangibly material form in the artifacts that are used as an integral part of a culture such as buildings, clothing, food, etc. In addition to a general concept, there are many specialized fields that use the word cultural such as cultural anthropology, which studies a group’s work, beliefs, and traditions; or cultural geography, which studies how cultures have spread across the world by means of trade, war, and migration. There is no single, clear-cut definition of what culture is. It has been described as the cumulative deposit of a group’s ideas, values, beliefs, attitudes, hierarchies, religion, notions of time and space, roles, concepts of the universe, and more. Some of these are transmitted formally in a written form such as a constitution or informally through social learning, such as the experience of living and being raised in one’s own culture, which may cause someone to eventually internalize some or all of its norms without formal transmission. Many of the characteristics that make up a culture are not measurable, and it is difficult to compare cultures objectively since most of what makes them unique cannot be communicated directly to outsiders. Some cultures, such as the indigenous inhabitants of Easter Island, were able to create sophisticated works of art without the benefit of tools and technology. In contrast, the early civilizations of Sumer and Egypt were characterized by their advanced writing systems. For psychologists and sociologists, the idea of a culture is not just something that exists out there amongst the masses but also consists of a set of learned behaviours, which are acquired by a person through social learning and become an integral part of the individual’s personality. Some of these are learned in the course of childhood and are then reinforced by social learning throughout adulthood. Understanding people’s different cultures is crucial to building diverse and thriving communities. People who feel a strong sense of belonging and acceptance to their communities are more likely to be engaged, productive members of society. As such, people from all backgrounds need to be involved in decision-making processes so that programs and policies can be effective for everyone. The appreciation of different cultures can help to achieve this goal by allowing people from all backgrounds to find common ground and work together. For example, students from all backgrounds benefit from an appreciation of their own culture in the classroom. This ensures that they have the support and resources they need to succeed in school, and it helps them feel welcomed by their peers.

What Is Democracy?

Democracy is the government of the people and, therefore, is supposed to be a system that puts the power in the hands of citizens. It is a political form that allows for the peaceful transfer of power and the inclusion of all views in public discourse. It is also a process that requires compromise and trust from its citizens. The word “democracy” comes from the Greek words demos, meaning people, and kratos, meaning rule or power. The Greeks first coined the term in the 5th century bc to describe the systems of government that existed in some city-states, notably Athens. The term was then extended to the broader concept of people-controlled governance in general. A definition of democracy is a complex matter. Some have suggested a minimum list of components: broad participation, elected rulers, freedom to express one’s opinions in the media, and socioeconomic equality. These are all essential, but they do not adequately capture the many different facets of democracy. For example, the idea of a democratic society also includes an economy that is free and open to global trade, with rules governing capital and labour markets that do not discriminate against women or minorities. It also involves a commitment to sustainable development and an environment that provides opportunities for all, including young people. These facets are often in conflict. For instance, revolutionaries want to release social and national energies from the shackles of capitalism and colonialism, while liberals call for the rational pursuit of interests and satisfaction of needs. In a healthy democracy, citizens must understand and value these different demands, as well as respect and support them. They must engage in robust discussion and debate to help develop the best solutions. And they must participate, whether that means voting, protesting or running for office. Nevertheless, the democratic principle that all human beings are equal is not always respected. Some governments oppress their populations or interfere with their rights. And, on a global scale, some democracies are threatened by war, genocide and other forms of violence. Ultimately, it is the people’s will that determines democracy’s health and longevity. The most important way that citizens can contribute to this process is by becoming involved in their local community, starting with their own neighbourhood. They can join environmental groups, take action against corporate exploitation, or campaign against war and child labour. They can start a dialogue with their school or workplace and encourage the voices of young people to be heard. They can become informed about the issues that are affecting them, and speak up to protect democracy in their communities and internationally. It takes a lot of work to ensure the continued success of democracy, but it is worth the effort. The future of the world depends on it.

How to Enter the Global Market

Global Market refers to the global exchange of goods and services, unrestricted by international borders. In the global marketplace, companies can access a broad talent pool and reap benefits from lowered business costs such as living costs and lower wages. They also gain economies of scale and can take advantage of cheaper raw materials, technology, and equipment processes to reduce long-term operating costs. In addition, global markets provide opportunities to diversify their revenue streams and thrive during economic uncertainty. The process of entering the global marketplace begins with identifying your target market and customer base. Ultimately, this can help you identify potential risks and make the best decisions about which products to offer in each location. You can also use a global marketing strategy to increase your company’s brand recognition and expand its reach to new customers around the world. When you promote your products to the global market, you must consider the cultural, legislative, demographic, and political differences of each country. These factors may affect the success of your products in different countries, which is why it is important to develop a comprehensive and strategic plan for each market. You must take into account local consumer preferences, as well as your product’s availability and price. Whether it is a small Etsy shop that sells custom-printed T-shirts or a Fortune 500 company with a global presence, the idea of doing business on a worldwide level is more common than ever before. With the growth of social media and increased mobility, many companies have realized the opportunity to reach a global audience and increase their revenue. Some companies take a global approach to their marketing by adopting a uniform approach in all locations. For example, Apple maintains a consistent design across all of its stores and products. This allows it to achieve a cost savings by lowering its marketing expenses and eliminating the need to adapt its promotional strategies for each individual country. Other companies take a more regional approach to their marketing, where they cater their promotions and products to specific markets and regions. This type of marketing is more flexible and allows for a greater degree of customization to the needs of each market. The result is a more targeted and personalized campaign, which can be more effective in winning the attention of the potential customer. The most successful companies are those that have developed a strong understanding of the global market. They have developed a strategy that takes into account all the elements of their product, as well as the underlying cultural values and beliefs of each market. Taking into account these nuances is essential for success in the global market, as it will ensure that your product is well received by your target audience. In the end, this will lead to higher profits and more loyal customers. However, there are still some pitfalls to avoid when working with the global market. For example, it can be difficult to overcome the cultural barriers associated with international advertising and promotion.

The Study of Politics

Politics is the study of how people, governments and institutions make decisions that affect other individuals and groups. It includes the use of power, coercion and force to achieve goals in situations involving conflict, competition and cooperation. Politics is studied at all levels of human society, from clans and tribes in traditional societies to modern democratic nation states. The study of politics is also called political science or government. People often have very different ideas about what politics is and how it works. Some see it as scheming and manipulation, while others believe that a well-trained politician is able to help a group achieve its goals through consensus. There are even those who think that it is impossible to separate the personal from the political, and that the best politicians have a combination of skills in both areas. A classic view of politics is that it is a contestation between competing interests for control of resources. This could include everything from food, shelter and clothing to money, power and prestige. This idea of politics has been criticized, however, for the way that it ignores many of the factors that contribute to human survival and flourishing. It overlooks the need for all humans to be willing to sacrifice some of their individual freedom in order to live together in a community. This sacrifice is often described as the ‘political bargain’. Another common view is that politics is a set of processes for making decisions when the members of a group want very different things. This would include deciding who should lead a country, what laws should be made and how taxes should be collected. This view is criticized for the way that it ignores the ways in which these competing demands are met, and the fact that not everyone will be satisfied with every decision that is made. The study of politics is extremely important in our modern world, because it influences all aspects of our lives. It is not only found in legislation and Supreme Court appointments, but also in the way that we choose our employers, the way that we spend our leisure time and the way that we organize ourselves into communities and nations. A career in politics can be very exciting and rewarding. Many of our most influential global leaders have studied Politics and used it in their jobs as Presidents, Prime Ministers and Chancellors of their countries. Other people work in international organisations like the UN, WTO and the OECD and for charities and pressure groups. A broad study of Politics will leave you with a wide range of transferable skills and an ability to find solutions to a variety of problems. This can be very beneficial for your future career. Whether you want to become a politician yourself or you simply want to learn about how our governments and international organisations function, a degree in Politics can give you the tools to succeed.